Ideal Gases and Gas Mixtures 76 вЂ“104 4.1 Ideal Gas 76 4.1.1 Ideal Gas Equation 77 4.1.2 Calculations for Ideal Gas 79 4.2 Mixtures of Ideal Gases 81 4.2.1 DaltonвЂ™s Law 82 4.2.2 AmagatвЂ™s Law of Additive Volumes 83 4.2.3 Average Molecular Weight 84 4.2.4 Density and Specific Gravity 84 4.2.5 Calculations Involving Change in the Mass 87 4.3 Reactions Involving Gases 91 Exercises 96 Contents vii 5. Fundamental Concepts of Stoichiometry 40вЂ“75 3.1 The Mole Concept 40 3.2 Chemical Calculations and Use of Molal Quantities 42 3.2.1 Molar Volume of Gaseous Substances 44 3.2.2 Equivalent Weight 45 3.3 Density and Specific Gravity 46 3.4 Specific Gravity Scales 47 3.5 Composition of Solids, Liquids and Gases 50 3.5.1 Mass Fraction (Weight Fraction) 50 3.5.2 Mass Percent (Weight Percent) 50 3.5.3 Mass Ratio 51 3.5.4 Dry Basis and Wet Basis 51 3.5.5 Mole Fraction and Mole Percent 53 3.5.6 Volume Fraction and Volume Percent 54 3.6 Other Expressions for Concentrations 56 3.7 Chemical Reactions and Process Calculations 59 3.7.1 Excess and Limiting Reactant 59 3.7.2 Conversion 61 3.7.3 Yield 62 3.7.4 Extent of Reaction 63 Exercises 66 4.

Units and Dimensions 13 вЂ“39 2.1 Units and Dimensions 13 2.2 System of Units 14 2.2.1 SI Units 15 2.2.2 Derived Units 15 2.2.3 SI Prefixes 17 2.2.4 General Guidelines on the Use of SI Units 18 v vi Contents 2.3 Conversion of Units 20 2.3.1 Some Important Derived Quantities and Their Conversion 20 2.3.2 Conversion of Empirical Equations 27 2.4 Dimensionless Equations 31 2.5 Dimensional Analysis 31 2.5.1 Dimensionless Groups in Chemical Engineering Practice 33 Exercises 36 3. Introduction 1вЂ“12 1.1 Chemistry versus Chemical Engineering 1 1.2 Chemical Process Industry 2 1.3 Greatest Achievements in Chemical Engineering 4 1.4 History of Chemical Engineering 5 1.5 Chemical Engineering in India 6 1.6 Unit Operations and Unit Processes 7 1.6.1 Fluid Flow Operations 8 1.6.2 Heat Transfer Operations 8 1.6.3 Evaporation 9 1.6.4 Mass Transfer Operations 9 1.6.5 Mechanical Separations 11 1.6.6 Size Reduction 11 1.6.7 Mixing 11 1.7 Stoichiometry and Process Calculations 12 2. Ghosh, Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091. ISBN-8-9 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Lakshmikutty В© 2006 by Private Limited, New Delhi.

Lakshmikutty Assistant Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Government Engineering College Thrissur, Kerala New Delhi - 1 STOICHIOMETRY AND PROCESS CALCULATIONS K.V.

Narayanan Professor and Head Department of Chemical Engineering Government Engineering College Thrissur, Kerala B. STOICHIOMETRY AND PROCESS CALCULATIONS STOICHIOMETRY AND PROCESS CALCULATIONS K.V.

Depriester chart with methanol